International Journal of Medical Sciences
The International Journal of Medical Sciences is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal committed to publishing high-quality research in the field of medicine and healthcare. The journal covers a broad range of topics, including clinical studies, medical education, public health, biomedical sciences, and emerging medical technologies. Our mission is to advance the global exchange of medical knowledge by providing unrestricted access to research under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Submissions are rigorously evaluated through a double-blind peer-review process to maintain the highest scientific and ethical standards. Publication Fee: Authors are required to pay a publication fee of $400 upon acceptance of their manuscript. For inquiries, submissions, or further information, please contact us at mossdigital77@gmail.com.
All articles published in International Journal of Medical Sciences are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows others to share, copy, distribute, and adapt the work for any purpose, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original authors. Authors retain the copyright and agree to have their work published under this license, ensuring the broadest possible dissemination and reuse of their research. For more information or licensing inquiries, contact mossdigital77@gmail.com.
Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Without Known Heart Disease
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause and risk factor for the emergence of sub clinical cardiac dysfunction which, if unchecked, evolves to more severe heart failure. Diastolic dysfunction is an early, silent form of diabetic cardiomyopathy, but its prevalence and predictors in asymptomatic patients are not well studied, especially in South Asians. Objective: To determine the frequency of diastolic dysfunction and its echocardiographic features in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients without known heart disease, and to identify significant clinical predictors. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study in which 120 asymptomatic T2DM patients who presented to the outpatient clinic in Sahiwal, Pakistan were included. Patients with a previous history of cardiovascular conditions, hypertension, or major co-morbidities were not eligible. Participants all received full transthoracic echocardiography for assessing the diastolic function according to E/A ratio, E/e’ ration, and left atrial volume index (LAVI). At least 2 of these values were diagnostic for diastolic dysfunction. Clinical and metabolic parameters, such as age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, and HbA1c, were evaluated for correlation with diastolic dysfunction. Results: Diastolic dysfunction was found in 44.2% of the patients. Low E/A (14), and enlarged LAVI (>34 mL/m²) were present in 40.8%, 30.0% and 40.0% of cases, respectively. Longer known duration of diabetes (OR 1.21, p<0.001), older age (OR 1.05, p=0.018), and higher HbA1c (OR 1.84, p=0.007) independently predicted diastolic dysfunction in multivariate analysis. Gender and BMI were not significant predictors. Conclusion: High prevalence of subclinical diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with and without a heart disease known. Systematic screening of a specific population at high risk (long diabetes duration, older age, higher glycemic levels) might help to identify people with very early changes in the left ventricle and provide early intervention to prevent HF in diabetes to become a large public health target.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Medical Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Preoperative Pregabalin Dosage for Postoperative Pain Management Following Spinal Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION: In the field of spinal surgery, managing postoperative pain effectively is a critical concern. These surgeries are often invasive and entail extended recovery periods. Thus, finding the right approach to pain control a crucial area of research. Pregabalin, a medication in the gabapentinoid class, is emerging as a promising alternative to traditional opioid-based pain relief. However, the optimal preoperative pregabalin dosage for maximum pain relief in spinal surgery patients remains a topic of ongoing research. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of different preoperative pregabalin doses in alleviating postoperative pain following spinal surgery, potentially offering insights to improve the postoperative experience for these patients. METHODOLOGY: This trial was conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi and included 80 patients aged 20-65 undergoing elective spinal surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A received 75mg of oral pregabalin, while Group B received 150mg, one hour before surgery. Various parameters, including age, weight, height, BMI, surgery duration, gender, and ASA status, were recorded. Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4 hours. RESULTS: Patients receiving 150mg of pregabalin had significantly lower postoperative pain scores (mean VAS 3.23) compared to those receiving 75mg (mean VAS 7.45). Stratification showed this difference was significant for both shorter and longer surgeries. CONCLUSION: Preoperative pregabalin 150 mg is more effective in reducing postoperative pain after spinal surgery compared to 75mg.
AI-Driven Workflow Optimization in Emergency Radiology: Reducing Reporting Time for Trauma Cases
Background: Timely radiology reporting is crucial for trauma management in emergency departments (EDs), directly influencing patient outcomes. However, traditional workflows often result in delayed turnaround times, especially for critical cases. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven workflow optimization platform on reporting turnaround time (TAT) for trauma CT scans in a tertiary care ED. Methods: A two-phase prospective audit was conducted, analyzing 100 trauma CT cases (50 pre- and 50 post-intervention). The primary outcome was mean reporting time. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of critical cases reported within 30 and 60 minutes. Results: After AI implementation, mean reporting time decreased from 87.0±27.3 to 35.5±13.7 minutes (p<0.001). The proportion of critical cases reported within 30 minutes increased from 18.2% to 74.1% (p<0.001), and within 60 minutes from 34.6% to 92.6% (p<0.001). Compliance with best-practice timeframes improved dramatically. Conclusion: AI-driven workflow optimization significantly reduces reporting turnaround times and increases compliance for critical trauma cases in emergency radiology. These findings support broader adoption of AI solutions to improve patient care in EDs.
Optimizing Radiation Exposure in Paediatric Trauma Imaging: Balancing Safety and Diagnostic Accuracy
Background: The challenge in paediatric trauma imaging is to minimize radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a bundled radiation optimization protocol in a tertiary paediatric trauma center, focusing on radiation dose reduction and diagnostic outcomes. Methods: In this prospective audit, 420 trauma imaging encounters (210 pre-intervention, 210 post-intervention) were analyzed. The protocol included revised guidelines, increased use of ultrasound, low-dose CT, and clinician education. Primary outcomes were mean effective dose and imaging modality use; secondary outcomes included missed injuries and repeat imaging. Results: Mean effective dose per encounter declined from 5.84 ± 2.35 mSv (pre) to 2.34 ± 0.94 mSv (post, p<0.001). CT use dropped from 46% to 32%; ultrasound use rose from 19% to 33%. No significant difference was seen in missed injury rates (pre: 0.95%, post: 1.43%, p=0.65) or repeat imaging. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary radiation optimization protocol can significantly reduce radiation exposure in paediatric trauma imaging without compromising diagnostic accuracy.
The Role of AI-Assisted Shear Wave Elastography in Assessing Renal Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
Background: Non-invasive assessment of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly important for patient management. Shear wave elastography (SWE), especially when enhanced by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, shows promise for providing accurate, operator-independent assessment of fibrosis severity. Objective: To systematically review the evidence from recent high-quality studies on the clinical utility and diagnostic performance of AI-assisted SWE for renal fibrosis evaluation in CKD. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for original Q1 studies published between January 2020 and April 2024, focusing on AI-assisted or machine learning-enhanced SWE for renal fibrosis in CKD patients. Data extraction and quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines. Results: Seven studies (total n ≈ 1,250) were included, encompassing prospective and retrospective designs, meta-analyses, and pediatric as well as adult populations. AI models—including random forest, logistic regression, and deep learning—improved the accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility of SWE in detecting and grading renal fibrosis, often correlating well with histopathological findings. Integrating SWE with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and clinical features further improved diagnostic performance (AUCs 0.83–0.91). Meta-analytic results supported high sensitivity and specificity for SWE, and pediatric data confirmed utility in children. Limitations included small single-center cohorts and heterogeneity in AI algorithms and SWE protocols. Conclusion: AI-assisted SWE, particularly when combined with clinical data, is a powerful, non-invasive modality for the evaluation of renal fibrosis in CKD, with the potential to reduce biopsy reliance. Standardization and multicenter validation are needed for routine clinical adoption.
Comparison of Complications Using Diathermy and Scalpel for Skin Incisions in Open Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. The choice of instrument for skin incision—scalpel or diathermy—may affect surgical outcomes such as operative time, postoperative pain, and wound complications. While diathermy is known for rapid haemostasis and reduced blood loss, concerns remain regarding wound healing and infection risks. Objective: To compare the outcomes of diathermy versus scalpel for skin incision in elective open inguinal hernia repair. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Recep Tayyip Erdogan Hospital, Muzaffargarh, from April to October 2023. Sixty adult male patients scheduled for elective open inguinal hernioplasty were randomized to receive skin incision with either a scalpel (n=30) or diathermy (n=30). Incision time, postoperative pain at 24 and 48 hours (measured via Visual Analogue Scale), and wound complications—including surgical site infection (SSI), hematoma/seroma, and wound dehiscence—were recorded and compared between groups. Data were analyzed using t-tests and Chi-square tests; p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The two groups were comparable in baseline characteristics, including age (mean 42.1±10.9 years) and BMI (23.2±1.5 kg/m²). Mean incision time was significantly shorter in the diathermy group (96.8±5.2 seconds) than in the scalpel group (119.9±7.2 seconds; p<0.001). Pain scores were also significantly lower in the diathermy group at both 24 hours (2.4±1.1 vs 5.9±1.7; p<0.001) and 48 hours (1.3±0.8 vs 3.4±1.0; p<0.001). SSI and wound dehiscence rates were low and identical in both groups (6.7% and 3.3%, respectively); no hematoma or seroma was observed. Conclusion: Diathermy for skin incision in elective open inguinal hernia repair significantly reduces operative time and early postoperative pain without increasing complication rates compared to the scalpel. Diathermy should be considered the preferred method for skin incision in such cases.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancer: A Blue Dye-Only Approach in Resource-Limited Settings
Background: Since its introduction, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care for axillary stage in the setting of early-stage breast cancer with clinically node-negative axilla. Nevertheless, the double-tracer method with a combination of radiocolloids and blue dye is frequently not realizable in low-income countries. As an individual agent, methylene blue dye provides a cheap and readily available option. Objective: To assess the detection rate, safety and clinical practice of SLNB with methylene blue dye alone in patients with early-stage breast cancer and clinically node- negative axilla. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the General Surgery Department of Recep Tayyip Erdogan Hospital Muzaffargarh from 2020-2024. Seventy-nine patients with histologically proven breast cancer and clinically node-negative axilla (at palpation and ultrasound) underwent SLNB by injecting 2 ml methylene blue dye. Peri-areolar injection of blue dye was performed prior to surgery, and all nodes stained blue or suspected of being abnormal were removed for histopathological examination. Results: Sentinel lymph node could successfully be identified in 78 of 79 patients, with a detection rate of 98.7%. Among these, 23 patients (29.1%) were SLN positive, followed by ALND. The other 55 patients (70.9%) were spared from ALND, thus, preventing additional surgical morbidities. No allergic reaction or dye-related complications occurred. Conclusion: Methylene blue dye alone can be an efficient, safe, and effective tracer of SLNB in early-stage breast cancer. Application of cNB for LABC in the low-use resource area could remarkably avoid the full axillary dissection and subsequently lead to less complications but better prognosis. This approach merits consideration for broader usage in areas with limited nuclear medicine resources.
Functional outcome of proximal femoral nailing in patients with intertrochanteric fractures
Objective: To assess the functional outcome of proximal femoral nailing (PFN) in intertrochanteric femoral fracture using Harris Hip Score (HHS) after six months of operation. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indus Hospital Muzaffargarh for a period of nine months. The study was conducted in patients aged 18–65 years with intertrochanteric fractures (≥2) and included a total of 122 patients enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling method. Surgical fixation with PFN was performed in all patients. Functional outcome at 6 months postoperatively was evaluated by using the Harris Hip Score, which was classified as excellent (90–100), good (80–89), fair (70–79), or poor (<70). Statistical analysis was performed by means of SPSS version 23. Results: Participants had a mean age of 58.3 ± 4.7 years (54.1% female, 45.9% male). The mean Harris Hip Score was 83.2 ± 9.3. Excellent results were found in 26.2% of patients, good in 39.3%, fair in 24.6%, and poor in 9.8%. Functional outcomes had a strong association with mode of injury (p =. 02), and slip-and-fall injuries produced more favorable results than road traffic accidents. There was no evidence of an association between gender and outcome (p =. 31). Younger patients trended toward better outcomes. Conclusion: Proximal femoral nailing is a safe and effective treatment modality for intertrochanteric femoral fractures providing promising functional outcomes and allows for early mobilization. PFN is a good candidate for the preferred surgical option, especially in aged patients and situation demand for fast stabilization of fracture. Long-term outcomes need to be confirmed by further multicenter studies.
Phytochemical and biological investigation of Cassia absus Linn (Stem and Seeds)
Investigation of Cassia absus Linn stem and seeds for its phytochemicals afforded eight compounds, hentriacontane, glutinone, physcion, emodin, emodin-6,8-dimethyl ether, xanthorin, ethyl gallate and gallic acid for the first time along with two other reported compounds, chrysophanol and β-sitosterol from this plant. Structures of these isolates have been established by various spectroscopic techniques. In present paper the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various fraction of methanolic extracts from stem and seeds of Cassia absus Linn is also reported.
Dengue-Associated Hypokalemic Paralysis (rare but significant): A Review of Neurological Manifestations and Treatment Considerations
Dengue virus (DENV) infection, primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, has traditionally been considered a non-neurotropic virus, with neurological complications being relatively rare. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of various neurological manifestations associated with dengue infection. Among these, hypokalemic paralysis has emerged as a significant complication. This potentially life-threatening condition is characterized by acute onset muscle weakness or paralysis due to low serum potassium levels, which can complicate the clinical management of dengue patients. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical features, and optimal management strategies for dengue-associated hypokalemic paralysis is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This review aims to synthesize the current literature on the association between dengue virus infection and hypokalemic paralysis, with a focus on its clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies. By consolidating the findings from various studies, this review provides insights into how early recognition and treatment can improve patient recovery. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Case reports, case series, and observational studies published between 2000 and 2024 that documented neurological complications of dengue, particularly hypokalemic paralysis, were included. A total of 48 articles were reviewed, including 35 case reports, 9 case series, and 4 retrospective studies. The review revealed that hypokalemic paralysis is a rare yet significant complication of dengue infection. It predominantly affects adults aged 18-45 years, with rapid onset muscle weakness often starting in the lower limbs and potentially progressing to involve the upper limbs. The condition is characterized by normal sensory function and absent or diminished deep tendon reflexes. Laboratory findings consistently show serum potassium levels below 3.0 mmol/L, often in the range of 1.7 to 3.0 mmol/L. Electrocardiographic changes, such as flattened T-waves, prominent U-waves, and ST-segment depression, are commonly observed. The condition is typically reversible with prompt potassium supplementation, underscoring the importance of early intervention in preventing long-term complications. Hypokalemic paralysis, although rare, is a critical neurological complication of dengue virus infection that requires timely diagnosis and treatment. Early recognition, alongside corrective potassium supplementation, is essential for achieving full recovery. Given the increasing incidence of dengue in endemic regions, healthcare providers should maintain a high level of clinical awareness. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of dengue-associated hypokalemic paralysis and to refine management strategies. Moreover, improvements in early diagnostic techniques and standardized treatment protocols are necessary to optimize patient outcomes.
Comparison of hypothermia in newborns with skin-to-skin contact versus conventional care
Neonatal hypothermia is an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality in low resource settings. Skin to skin contact (SSC), a simple and inexpensive intervention has been suggested as a substitute to conventional care (CC) for preventing hypothermia. Evidence, however, is limited on comparing SSC and CC for maintaining neonatal thermoregulation. Objective: This study compares the hypothermia frequency in neonates given SSC compared with CC, and tests the thermal stability of SSC during the first 24 hours of life. Methods: It was carried out as a randomized controlled trial at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences for a period of six months. Thirty patients were randomised to each of the SSC (n = 30) and CC (n = 30) groups. Multiple intervals up to 24 hours post delivery were measured for axillary temperatures. The main outcome was the incidence of hypothermia, axillary temperature <36.0°C. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyse data with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The incidence of hypothermia was statistically significant lower in the SSC group (10%) than in the CC group (33.3%) (p = 0.028). Across all time points, neonates in the SSC group invariably maintained higher mean temperature than neonates in the EP group, and these differences were significant at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours post delivery (p < 0.05). In stratified analysis, neonates with birth weight ≤3.0 kg had the highest benefit from SSC, decreasing the incidence of hypothermia to 10% from 60% in the CC group (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Neonatal hypothermia incidence is significantly reduced by SSC and sustained thermal stability is maintained during this critical early postnatal period. An low cost effective intervention, and should be incorporated enhancing routine neonatal care, in particular in settings of resources constraints. However, the study stresses the importunities of training programs and community education to encourage the use of SSC as a standard practice.
Role of C reactive protein at early gestation in prediction of preeclampsia Abstract
Preeclampsia is a major form of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy which causes an enormous morbidity and mortality for both the mother and the newborn child worldwide. The objective of this study is to determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of systemic inflammation, can be used as a predictor marker for the development of preeclampsia in early gestation. Like any good research, a cohort study was conducted with 150 pregnant women in their first trimester. Additionally, we measured CRP levels and followed participants until delivery to see if they developed preeclampsia. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to assess association between CRP level and the risk of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia was diagnosed among 13.3 (n = 20) of the participants. Women who subsequently developed preeclampsia had significantly higher mean CRP level (7.2 ± 2.1 mg/L) than those without preeclampsia (3.8 ± 1.5 mg/L, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that each 1 mg/L increase in CRP levels was associated with an 85% increase in the odds of developing preeclampsia (OR: 1.They found that, compared to those in the placebo groups whose bone density was measured after 12 months, those who were given combination therapy had greater decreases (85, 95% CI: 1.35–2.54, p < 0.001). Good predictive accuracy for CRP was shown by ROC analysis, with AUC of 0.82, sensitivity of 75%, and specificity of 78% at optimal cutoff value of 5.0 mg/L. The potential for cost-effective and accessible biomarker detection of preeclampsia with CRP is explored in this study. Higher early gestation CRP levels were significantly associated with higher preeclampsia risk. In resource limited settings these finding suggest that CRP testing may be integrated into routine antenatal screen protocols. Further research, however, is needed to confirm these findings and to examine the use of CRP in combination with other biomarkers in order to increase predictive accuracy.
Role of vit D3 deficiency in pregnant women with urinary stress incontinence
Urinary stress incontinence (USI) is common during pregnancy and causes adverse effects on women’s quality of life. Current evidence suggests a possible association of Vitamin D3 deficiency and pelvic floor dysfunction. Little research has focused on this relationship during pregnancy. This constitutes the first in a study into the relationship between Vitamin D3 deficiency and USI in pregnant women, in order to supply insights into preventing and treating this condition. Data from 422 pregnant women attending antenatal care in [Study Setting] were analysed in a cross-sectional study. Vitamin D3 status was assessed by measuring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and classified as deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) was used to evaluate USI. Data on demographics and clinical data were then collected and statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed to assess associations between Vitamin D3 levels and USI. Low vitamin D3 was present in 62.6% of participants and USI occurred in 38.4%. Women with Vitamin D3 deficiency were significantly more likely to experience USI (adjusted odds ratio: 2.We found a significantly increased risk of CRPS among women relative to men (males: 2, 95% CI: 0.5–6.6, p=0.23; females: 8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.1, p<0.001p < 0.001p<0.001)). There was negative correlation between serum Vitamin D3 and the severity of USI (r = −0.42, p < 0.001r = -0.42, p < 0.001r=−0.42,p<0.001). Other risk factors for USI were BMI and multiparity. This study shows a strong relationship between Vitamin D3 deficiency and USI in pregnant women. Our findings suggest that improving Vitamin D3 levels in pregnancy can help decrease USI risk and prevent its severity, thus it is imperative to screen for and supplement Vitamin D3 as a normal part of antenatal care. These results need further validation with longitudinal and interventional studies, and development of evidence based guidelines.
Outcome of Titanium Elastic Intramedullary Nailing System in Children with Femoral Shaft Fractures
Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopedic injury in children, often requiring prompt and effective management to minimize long-term complications. The Titanium Elastic Intramedullary Nailing System (TENS) has emerged as a preferred treatment method due to its ability to maintain alignment, promote early mobilization, and minimize complications. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of TENS in managing pediatric femoral shaft fractures, focusing on union time, functional recovery, and complications using Flynn’s criteria. A total of 114 children aged 5–15 years with closed femoral shaft fractures were included. Data on demographics, fracture characteristics, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The mean union time was 7.5 weeks, with 75% of patients achieving excellent outcomes, 20% satisfactory outcomes, and 5% poor outcomes. Complications were rare and limited to minor issues such as hardware prominence, all of which were resolved without additional intervention. These findings demonstrate that TENS is an effective and safe method for managing pediatric femoral shaft fractures. Its benefits include rapid recovery, minimal complications, and enhanced quality of life for pediatric patients. The results support the routine use of TENS as a reliable treatment modality for femoral shaft fractures in children. Further multicenter studies and long-term follow-ups are recommended to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols.
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Ovarian Rejuvenation: A Novel Approach to Address Premature Ovarian Failure and Infertility
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a significant reproductive health challenge, affecting approximately 1% of women under the age of 40. This condition is characterized by diminished ovarian function, hormonal imbalances, and infertility, with limited treatment options offering sustainable results. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach, leveraging growth factors to stimulate ovarian tissue repair and rejuvenation. This study evaluates the efficacy of PRP in women with POF, focusing on its impact on hormonal profiles, follicular development, and clinical outcomes. A prospective, observational design was employed, involving 30 women diagnosed with POF. Participants received autologous PRP injections into ovarian tissue, and their hormonal levels, antral follicle count (AFC), ovulation rates, and pregnancy outcomes were monitored over six months. Results demonstrated significant reductions in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (mean reduction: 30%; p < 0.01) and increases in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels (mean increase: 20%; p < 0.05). Follicular development improved in 60% of participants, with spontaneous ovulation occurring in 40% and a pregnancy rate of 15%. These findings underscore PRP's potential as a minimally invasive option for ovarian rejuvenation, offering hope to women with POF. However, variability in response rates emphasizes the need for larger, randomized trials to optimize treatment protocols and establish long-term safety and efficacy. This study contributes to the growing evidence supporting PRP's application in reproductive medicine, paving the way for innovative solutions in infertility management.
Exploring the Psychosocial Impact of Erectile Dysfunction: A Qualitative Study on Relationship Dynamics and Mental Health
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition that extends beyond its physiological manifestations, significantly impacting mental health and relationship dynamics. This qualitative study explores the psychosocial effects of ED, focusing on emotional distress, relational strain, and coping mechanisms among individuals and their partners. Semi-structured interviews with 20 participants revealed that ED often leads to feelings of inadequacy, anxiety, and lowered self-esteem, while also straining intimacy and communication in relationships. Participants employed coping strategies such as seeking professional help, engaging in open communication, and using medical interventions, with varying levels of effectiveness. The findings underscore the need for holistic approaches that integrate medical treatments with psychological support and relational counseling to address ED comprehensively. Future research should consider larger, more diverse populations and longitudinal designs to generalize findings and explore the long-term impact of integrated treatment strategies. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of ED’s psychosocial dimensions and the importance of addressing its broader implications.
Comparative Efficacy of Myo-Inositol and Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Management: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Local Setting
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinopathy in reproductive-aged women, mainly characterized by oligoanovulation (oligomenorrhea) and hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance represents a major pathophysiological feature of the syndrome and, therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin and thiazolidinediones) have been applied in PCOS women. So we want to conduct this study to find the more efficacious drug in resolution of PCOS through decrease in LH/FSH in local setting. OBJECTIVES To compare the mean LH/FSH ratio with myo-inositol versus metformin for management of females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 100 patients of PCOS (Polycystic ovarian syndrome) meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The patients were randomly allocated in two groups by lottery method. Patients in Group A were started upon metformin therapy and group B on myoinositol. All the patients were assessed for efficacy both the drugs. Data was collected on proforma and analyzed in SPSS version 10.0. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 100 patients were recruited for study. These were randomly distributed into two groups of 50 patients in each group, A & B. In A-group age range was 18 years to 35 years. Mean age was 26.04 years+4.69SD, while in B-group age range was 19 years to 35 years. Mean age was 25.70 years+4.10SD. There was no significant difference of age in two groups with p value= 0.612 LH/FSH ratio wise comparison shows that Group A have average LH/FSH ratio of 2.00+0.899SD while in Group B, it was 1.90+0.48SD observed which was statistically insignificant with p-value = 0.718 Conclusion: Both the therapy have shown insignificance results in term of LH/FSH Ratio in patients with Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Development and Treatment Outcomes
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting a significant proportion of women of reproductive age worldwide. While the pathophysiology of PCOS is not fully understood, genetic predispositions and epigenetic modifications have emerged as influential factors in its development and progression. This study investigates the relationship between genetic and epigenetic markers, specifically DNA methylation levels, and lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress in PCOS patients. Utilizing a sample of 300 patients, we conducted quantitative and multivariate analyses to explore the impact of these variables on body mass index (BMI) as a key indicator of PCOS severity. The findings indicate a significant negative association between DNA methylation levels and BMI, suggesting that higher methylation may offer protective effects against weight gain, a common PCOS symptom. While age and stress levels showed no statistically significant impact on BMI, the study highlights the potential of personalized medicine in PCOS management by considering genetic and epigenetic profiles. These results underscore the importance of integrating molecular insights with lifestyle interventions to improve PCOS treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on larger samples and a broader range of biomarkers to deepen our understanding of the complex interactions underlying PCOS.
Bempedoic Acid and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Statin-Intolerant Patients
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and effective management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is crucial in reducing cardiovascular risk. Statins are the first-line treatment for lowering LDL-C, but a significant subset of patient’s experiences statin intolerance, primarily due to muscle-related side effects. This has created an unmet need for alternative lipid-lowering therapies. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid, a novel ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor, in reducing LDL-C levels and improving cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients. Additionally, it compares bempedoic acid with other non-statin lipid-lowering therapies to establish its clinical relevance. A systematic analysis of clinical trial data was conducted, focusing on LDL-C reduction, incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and reported adverse effects. Patient demographics, dosage, and baseline LDL-C levels were considered to assess the drug’s efficacy and safety. Bempedoic acid significantly reduced LDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the 240 mg dose showing a greater mean reduction (21.3%) compared to the 180 mg dose (18.5%). The incidence of MACE was lower in the 240 mg dose group, although the difference was not statistically significant. The drug demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with minimal muscle-related side effects and manageable adverse effects, even in higher weight categories. Bempedoic acid is an effective and well-tolerated alternative for lowering LDL-C in statin-intolerant patients. While its impact on long-term cardiovascular outcomes remains inconclusive, its overall efficacy and safety support its use in clinical practice. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term benefits and comparative effectiveness of bempedoic acid in diverse patient populations.
The Role of Telemedicine in Enhancing Healthcare Accessibility in Rural Areas
Telemedicine has emerged as a transformative solution for addressing healthcare disparities in rural areas. By leveraging digital technologies, telemedicine provides remote consultations, diagnostics, and treatment plans, significantly improving accessibility and reducing healthcare delivery gaps. This paper examines the role of telemedicine in enhancing healthcare accessibility in rural communities, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and future potential. Case studies from rural Pakistan and other developing regions illustrate how telemedicine bridges the gap between healthcare providers and underserved populations.
The Role of Nutrition in Preventing Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Age-related cognitive decline, including conditions like dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is a growing public health concern globally. Emerging evidence suggests that nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining brain health and delaying cognitive decline. This paper examines the impact of key nutrients, dietary patterns, and nutritional interventions on cognitive function in older adults. Through a review of clinical trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses, the paper highlights the potential of nutrition-based strategies in promoting cognitive resilience and preventing age-related neurodegeneration.
The Role of Genomics in Understanding Rare Diseases
Rare diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, yet they often remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to their complexity and scarcity. Genomics has revolutionized the understanding of rare diseases by enabling the identification of genetic mutations and molecular pathways responsible for these conditions. This paper explores the role of genomics in diagnosing, characterizing, and developing targeted treatments for rare diseases. Case studies and technological advancements, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and CRISPR, are highlighted, along with challenges and ethical considerations in genomics research.
The Impact of Air Pollution on Pediatric Respiratory Health
Air pollution is a critical global health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations, including children. This paper examines the impact of air pollution on pediatric respiratory health, with a focus on asthma, bronchitis, and reduced lung function. Drawing on epidemiological studies and clinical data, the research highlights the role of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in exacerbating respiratory illnesses among children. Strategies for mitigating exposure and improving health outcomes are also discussed.
Impact of Lifestyle Interventions on Type 2 Diabetes Management
Type 2 diabetes is a major global health concern, with rising prevalence driven by lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity. Lifestyle interventions focusing on diet, exercise, and behavioral modification are critical for effective diabetes management. This paper evaluates the impact of these interventions on glycemic control, weight management, and overall health outcomes. Using clinical studies and meta-analyses, it highlights the effectiveness of lifestyle changes in managing Type 2 diabetes and discusses barriers to implementation and adherence.
Gene Editing Technologies and Their Ethical Implications in Modern Medicine
Gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized modern medicine by enabling precise alterations to the genome, offering potential cures for genetic disorders and advancing personalized medicine. However, these technologies raise significant ethical concerns, particularly regarding their use in humans. This paper explores the applications of gene editing in medicine, focusing on its potential to treat genetic diseases, and examines the ethical dilemmas associated with germline editing, consent, equity, and unintended consequences. It concludes with recommendations for ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure responsible use of gene editing technologies.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Personalized Medicine in Oncology
Personalized medicine has transformed oncology by tailoring treatments to the genetic, molecular, and clinical characteristics of individual patients. This paper evaluates the efficacy of personalized medicine approaches in cancer care, focusing on targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics. By analyzing clinical trials and case studies, the research highlights the impact of personalized medicine on treatment outcomes, patient survival rates, and quality of life. Challenges such as accessibility, high costs, and ethical considerations are also discussed, with recommendations for enhancing the adoption of personalized approaches in oncology.
COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Lessons for Future Pandemics
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines marked a significant milestone in global healthcare, saving millions of lives and showcasing unprecedented collaboration between governments, researchers, and industries. This paper explores the key lessons learned from the COVID-19 vaccine development process, including advancements in mRNA technology, accelerated clinical trials, and global distribution strategies. Challenges such as vaccine equity, regulatory hurdles, and public trust are analyzed to provide insights for future pandemic preparedness and vaccine development efforts.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Solutions for the 21st Century
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, threatening the effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. This paper explores the challenges associated with AMR, including overuse of antibiotics, lack of new drug development, and global inequities in healthcare practices. The study also highlights innovative solutions such as antimicrobial stewardship programs, alternative therapies, and global policy frameworks. By addressing these challenges, the healthcare community can mitigate the risks posed by AMR and ensure sustainable access to effective treatments.
Advances in Cardiac Imaging: Improving Diagnosis and Treatment
Cardiac imaging has undergone significant advancements in recent years, revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Technologies such as cardiac MRI, CT angiography, and advanced echocardiography provide high-resolution, non-invasive assessments of cardiac anatomy, function, and perfusion. This paper explores the latest innovations in cardiac imaging, their clinical applications, and their impact on patient outcomes. Challenges such as accessibility, cost, and integration into clinical workflows are also discussed, along with recommendations for future research and technology adoption.
Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Early Cancer Detection
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized cancer detection by enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses. This paper explores the advancements in AI technologies, including machine learning and deep learning algorithms, in identifying cancer at its earliest stages. By analyzing case studies and clinical trials, the study highlights AI's role in improving diagnostic precision, reducing healthcare costs, and enhancing patient outcomes. Challenges such as data privacy, algorithm bias, and integration into clinical practice are also discussed, with recommendations for future research and implementation.